Shiraz University of Medical SciencesJournal of Research on History of Medicine2251-886X5420161101The Iranian National Collaboration for the History and Philosophy of Medicine42978ENArmanZargaranResearch Office for the History of Persian Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz0000-0003-4351-3861Journal Article20161026https://rhm.sums.ac.ir/article_42978_9a63a5726d838eeb4b95ca520f58b1ba.pdfShiraz University of Medical SciencesJournal of Research on History of Medicine2251-886X5420161101Medical Utilization of Silver in Avicenna’s Canon of Medicine42979ENMohammad MahdiAhmadian-AttariAlborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, IranSadeghAhmadian AttariDepartment of Foreign Languages and Linguistics, School of Literature and Humanity Science, Shiraz UniversityAmirKhalajTraditional Medicine and Materia Medica Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranJournal Article20160806Archaeological researches indicate that the use of silver was common in various practices; there were numerous mints for silver coinage across Sassanid Persia (circa 620 AD) indicating that Persians were familiar with silver mining and its refining process. Medical practice also benefited from that expertise, and in the course of the following centuries new forms of utilizing silver began to emerge. This study focuses on one text belonging to the eleventh century; Avicenna’s (IbnSina) Canon of Medicine. This study found different forms of silver in his book including splinters of silver (Sohaala), silver litharge (Qaleemia), dross of silver (Khobth) and burnt silver (Ihragh) along with their methods of preparation and medical applications. Some silver medical devices were also found in this book including a silver tube as a breathing tube, catheter with silver needle, a silver device called Anboob to excise warts, and a silver thimble for nail protection. Avicenna rarely mentions the source of his information; therefore, the subsequent attempt of this study to trace the origin of his information is mainly comprised of tentative linkages. Nonetheless, it appears that Avicenna took at least a portion of the information on the utilizations of silver from Indian, Greek, Roman and local Persian medical sources or practitioners.https://rhm.sums.ac.ir/article_42979_20b88de8813726d8511cc00b4b728591.pdfShiraz University of Medical SciencesJournal of Research on History of Medicine2251-886X5420161101Investigating Medical Parallels between Two Works of Mythology and Epics; Ferdosi’s Shanameh from Iran and Fēng Shén Yǎn Yì from China42982ENReyhaneAhansazanTraditional Medical school, Tehran University of Medical sciencesAmir HoomanKazemiTraditional Medical School, Tehran University of Medical SciencesMehrdadKarimiTraditional Medical School, Tehran University of Medical Sciences0000-0001-5395-819XHamedAhansazanSchool of Traditional Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences0000-0001-8148-6265Journal Article20160817Some believe that ancient mythological and literary texts solely aimed to amuse and entertain, and were sprouted from their feelings and thoughts, and do not regard the study of the ancient and mythological stories as having the definiteness and clarity which science is known for it. Hence, this is why mythological stories in reality convey the beliefs, nature, attitudes and the extent of human knowledge at some point in history. They account for one of the most important signs of civilization and an important factor in creating cultural ties and dominance in the past. It is on this basis that literature is considered as a symbol of cultural competence and civilization of various nations. Although Ferdosi’s Shanameh from Iran and Fēng Shén Yǎn Yì from China are independent works, numerous similarities in various fields including mythological and medical elements are to be found. It can be concluded that the effects of each of these works have acknowledged the signs of old historical relations between Iran and China.https://rhm.sums.ac.ir/article_42982_7e4e2547d78312daf3e355df86b85284.pdfShiraz University of Medical SciencesJournal of Research on History of Medicine2251-886X5420161101Effects of Epidemics on Population; Actions of Central Government and Effective Factors (Northern Coast of Persian Gulf 1300-1320 A.H.S.)42983ENAbdulrasoolKhirandishAkramKavoosiJournal Article20160711Geographical location and climatic condition in the northern coast of Persian Gulf provided a suitable condition for the spread of epidemic diseases and their continuity. In Qajar period, increased relations with India, Mesopotamia and lack of health facilities caused the death of many residents in these areas. At the beginning of Reza Shah’s reign and the government’s attitude towards modernization, it was expected that diseases would be eradicated all over the Northern Coast of Persian Gulf; nevertheless, several factors such as war, drought, local Khans’ engagement, oil exploration etc. had an effect on the government’s actions and caused the government to pay attention to some areas more than others, so the population increased in these areas and other areas faced low growth and population decline. Following a descriptive-analytic method and by accepting this view that the spread of epidemics in Qajar and Pahlavi periods impacted population changes in the Northern Coast of Persian Gulf, we addressed central government’s actions and effective factors as to find out to what extent these measures helped control such diseases in these areas.Many epidemics in the northern coast of Persian Gulf, particularly Cholera and Plague came from India to these seaports and continued because of climatic conditions, and caused the death of many residents. Central government could control and decrease death rate from these diseases partly until the end of Reza Shah’s reign with establishing health centers, quarantine, security and road building. Based on central government’s actions, other common diseases partly decreased in these areas especially in Khuzestan.https://rhm.sums.ac.ir/article_42983_ab9ed4c80ae4603cd571d94c54f01514.pdfShiraz University of Medical SciencesJournal of Research on History of Medicine2251-886X5420161101Influence of Sassanid Religious Negligence on Scientific Progress of Jundishapur42984ENMostafaNadimResearch Office for the History of Persian Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz0000-0001-7099-3106Journal Article20161026The academic center of Jundishapur has been among significant ones in the old East. An important issue in recognizing such a center is studying the factors relative to its academic growth, among which the following can be enumerated: the emigration of Christian scientists, the Sassanid king’s attention to the city, etc. The important matter, however, is the consistency of this center in academic issues, which has been stable despite different governments and under varied rulers.This study attempts to investigate the religious negligence as one of the significant factors in the growth of Jundishapur center. The existence of religious negligence even after the ancient period and the Islamic period led to its growth.https://rhm.sums.ac.ir/article_42984_5d7872610fa3a27514a5d54e46dc3d04.pdfShiraz University of Medical SciencesJournal of Research on History of Medicine2251-886X5420161101Martin Kirschner’s Contributions to Surgery and Anesthesiology42980ENRafaelRomero ReverónHuman Anatomy Department, Universidad Central de VenezuelaJournal Article20160910Martin Kirschner (1879-1942), versatile German surgeon who had his scientific research and academic interests addressed topics which are covered by several specialities such as general surgery, orthopaedic surgery, neurosurgery, anesthesiology and plastic surgery. He also was the editor of five medical journals and autjor of 249 articles and eight textbooks. His greatest and lasting contribution is the Kirschner ‘s wire which is still in use for bone traction and for temporal or definitive osteosynthesis.https://rhm.sums.ac.ir/article_42980_c657698614568c16773b6fde46c21293.pdfShiraz University of Medical SciencesJournal of Research on History of Medicine2251-886X5420161101“Ghola’a”, a Kind of Oral Ulcers and its Treatment in the Book of Great Elexir [Exir-e Azam]42981ENNasserRezaeipourDepartment of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, IranFarhadJafariDepartment of Health and Social Medicine, School of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, IranMohsenNasseriTraditional Medicine Clinical Trial Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran0000-0001-9239-768XMohammadKamalinejadDepartment of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranHosseinRezaeizadehDepartment of Traditional Medicine, School of Traditional Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranJournal Article20160911https://rhm.sums.ac.ir/article_42981_6c8fbe473dbc33e141d57ee7bee58c50.pdf